一、xlearn的简介
在机器学习里,除了深度学习和树模型 (GBDT, RF) 之外,如何高效地处理高维稀疏数据也是非常重要的课题,Sparse LR, FM, FFM 这些算法被广泛运用在实际生产和kaggle比赛中。现有的开源软件例如 liblinear, libfm, libffm 都只能针对特定的算法,并且可扩展性、灵活性、易用性都不够友好。
相比于已有的软件,这款一款针对于海量数据处理任务的分布式机器学习系统xlearn的优势主要有:
1、通用性好,我们用统一的架构将主流的算法(lr, fm, ffm 等)全部囊括,用户不用再切换于不同软件之间。
2、性能好。xlearn由高性能c++开发,提供 cache-aware 和 lock-free learning,并且经过手工 SSE/AVX 指令优化。 在单机MacBook Pro上测试 xlearn 可以比 libfm 快13倍,比 libffm 和 liblinear 快5倍(基于Criteo CTR数据 bechmark)。
3、易用性和灵活性,xlearn 提供简单的 python 接口,并且集合了机器学习比赛中许多有用的功能,例如:cross-validation,early-stopping 等。除此之外,用户可以灵活选择优化算法(例如,SGD,AdaGrad, FTRL 等)。
4、可扩展性好。xlearn 提供 out-of-core 计算,利用外存计算可以在单机处理 1TB 数据。
二、xlearn的安装与配置(pip)
使用pip安装xlearn库:
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- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ sudo pip install xlearn
- [sudo] password for yuhuiliu:
- Collecting xlearn
- Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1a/20/d2762ecfd0da63bf2f0ee95429c7cf8ad44ab8ad4adc48b405fa67a09848/xlearn-0.31a1.tar.gz (1.8MB)
- 100% |████████████████████████████████| 1.9MB 4.2MB/s
- Building wheels for collected packages: xlearn
- Running setup.py bdist_wheel for xlearn ... done
- Stored in directory: /home/yuhuiliu/.cache/pip/wheels/9c/46/1a/e7682af4ef3320ad6e106c633aea0ee46ffb353aaf31723bab
- Successfully built xlearn
- tensorflow-gpu 1.7.0 requires numpy>=1.13.3, which is not installed.
- h5py 2.7.1 requires numpy>=1.7, which is not installed.
- tensorflow-tensorboard 1.5.0 requires numpy>=1.12.0, which is not installed.
- torchvision 0.2.1 requires numpy, which is not installed.
- pandas 0.22.0 requires numpy>=1.9.0, which is not installed.
- patsy 0.5.0 requires numpy>=1.4, which is not installed.
- matplotlib 2.1.2 requires numpy>=1.7.1, which is not installed.
- keras 2.1.3 requires numpy>=1.9.1, which is not installed.
- opencv-python 3.4.0.12 requires numpy>=1.11.1, which is not installed.
- tensorflow 1.5.0 requires numpy>=1.12.1, which is not installed.
- tensorboard 1.7.0 requires numpy>=1.12.0, which is not installed.
- scipy 1.0.0 requires numpy>=1.8.2, which is not installed.
- Installing collected packages: xlearn
- Successfully installed xlearn-0.31a1
显示有下面的库没有安装或者需要更新:
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- tensorflow-gpu 1.7.0 requires numpy>=1.13.3, which is not installed.
- h5py 2.7.1 requires numpy>=1.7, which is not installed.
- tensorflow-tensorboard 1.5.0 requires numpy>=1.12.0, which is not installed.
- torchvision 0.2.1 requires numpy, which is not installed.
- pandas 0.22.0 requires numpy>=1.9.0, which is not installed.
- patsy 0.5.0 requires numpy>=1.4, which is not installed.
- matplotlib 2.1.2 requires numpy>=1.7.1, which is not installed.
- keras 2.1.3 requires numpy>=1.9.1, which is not installed.
- opencv-python 3.4.0.12 requires numpy>=1.11.1, which is not installed.
- tensorflow 1.5.0 requires numpy>=1.12.1, which is not installed.
- tensorboard 1.7.0 requires numpy>=1.12.0, which is not installed.
- scipy 1.0.0 requires numpy>=1.8.2, which is not installed.
这里显示的tensorflow-gpu等库依赖的numpy版本过低,需要更新一下numpy:
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- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ sudo pip install tensorflow-gpu h5py numpy scipy scikit-learn -U
这里附带更新了一下tensorflow-gpu h5py scipy scikit-learn 等库:
[plain]
- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ sudo pip install tensorflow-gpu h5py numpy scipy scikit-learn -U
- Collecting tensorflow-gpu
- Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f2/fa/01883fee1cdb4682bbd188edc26da5982c459e681543bb7f99299fca8800/tensorflow_gpu-1.8.0-cp35-cp35m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (216.3MB)
- 100% |████████████████████████████████| 216.3MB 219kB/s
- Requirement already up-to-date: h5py in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (2.7.1)
- Requirement already up-to-date: numpy in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (1.14.3)
- Requirement already up-to-date: scipy in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (1.1.0)
- Requirement already up-to-date: scikit-learn in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (0.19.1)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: wheel>=0.26 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorflow-gpu) (0.31.0)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: termcolor>=1.1.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorflow-gpu) (1.1.0)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: six>=1.10.0 in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from tensorflow-gpu) (1.10.0)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: astor>=0.6.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorflow-gpu) (0.6.2)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: protobuf>=3.4.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorflow-gpu) (3.5.1)
- Collecting tensorboard<1.9.0,>=1.8.0 (from tensorflow-gpu)
- Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/59/a6/0ae6092b7542cfedba6b2a1c9b8dceaf278238c39484f3ba03b03f07803c/tensorboard-1.8.0-py3-none-any.whl (3.1MB)
- 100% |████████████████████████████████| 3.1MB 1.8MB/s
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: gast>=0.2.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorflow-gpu) (0.2.0)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: grpcio>=1.8.6 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorflow-gpu) (1.11.0)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: absl-py>=0.1.6 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorflow-gpu) (0.1.9)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: setuptools in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from protobuf>=3.4.0->tensorflow-gpu) (39.1.0)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: werkzeug>=0.11.10 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorboard<1.9.0,>=1.8.0->tensorflow-gpu) (0.14.1)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: markdown>=2.6.8 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorboard<1.9.0,>=1.8.0->tensorflow-gpu) (2.6.11)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: bleach==1.5.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorboard<1.9.0,>=1.8.0->tensorflow-gpu) (1.5.0)
- Requirement not upgraded as not directly required: html5lib==0.9999999 in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (from tensorboard<1.9.0,>=1.8.0->tensorflow-gpu) (0.9999999)
- Installing collected packages: tensorboard, tensorflow-gpu
- Found existing installation: tensorboard 1.7.0
- Uninstalling tensorboard-1.7.0:
- Successfully uninstalled tensorboard-1.7.0
- Found existing installation: tensorflow-gpu 1.7.0
- Uninstalling tensorflow-gpu-1.7.0:
- Successfully uninstalled tensorflow-gpu-1.7.0
- Successfully installed tensorboard-1.8.0 tensorflow-gpu-1.8.0
显示xlearn成功安装:
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- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ sudo pip install xlearn
- [sudo] password for yuhuiliu:
- Requirement already satisfied: xlearn in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (0.31a1)
[plain]
- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ sudo pip list |grep xle
- xlearn 0.31a1
三、使用conda创建新的环境
在上面可以看见使用pip install了xlearn,但是只能在系统自带的python环境下使用,如下图使用conda list|grep xlear 命令查看xlearn库的信息,就发现没有该库的信息:
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- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ conda list |grep xlea
- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$
参照https://www.zhihu.com/question/58033789对conda这一工具的介绍和https://www.jianshu.com/p/7e4c29a26f29的解决方法,这时为了预防配置第三方库不慎导致的崩溃,一般创建新的环境进行配置。
1、先列出当前的环境列表:
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- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ conda env list
- # conda environments:
- #
- base * /home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3
2、创建一个名字叫做ffm_baseline的环境,指定python版本为3.x(如果要安装特定的版本,如3.6,应为:python=3.6):
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- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ conda create -n ffm_baseline python=3
- Solving environment: done
- ## Package Plan ##
- environment location: /home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3/envs/ffm_baseline
- added / updated specs:
- - python=3
- The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:
- ca-certificates: 2018.03.07-0 defaults
- certifi: 2018.4.16-py36_0 defaults
- libedit: 3.1.20170329-h6b74fdf_2 defaults
- libffi: 3.2.1-hd88cf55_4 defaults
- libgcc-ng: 7.2.0-hdf63c60_3 defaults
- libstdcxx-ng: 7.2.0-hdf63c60_3 defaults
- ncurses: 6.1-hf484d3e_0 defaults
- openssl: 1.0.2o-h20670df_0 defaults
- pip: 10.0.1-py36_0 defaults
- python: 3.6.5-hc3d631a_2 defaults
- readline: 7.0-ha6073c6_4 defaults
- setuptools: 39.1.0-py36_0 defaults
- sqlite: 3.23.1-he433501_0 defaults
- tk: 8.6.7-hc745277_3 defaults
- wheel: 0.31.0-py36_0 defaults
- xz: 5.2.3-h5e939de_4 defaults
- zlib: 1.2.11-ha838bed_2 defaults
- Proceed ([y]/n)? Y
- Preparing transaction: done
- Verifying transaction: done
- Executing transaction: done
- #
- # To activate this environment, use:
- # > source activate ffm_baseline
- #
- # To deactivate an active environment, use:
- # > source deactivate
- #
- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$
3、此时使用conda list命令查看如下,会发现多了一个ffm_baseline的环境:
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- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ conda env list
- # conda environments:
- #
- base * /home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3
- ffm_baseline /home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3/envs/ffm_baseline
4、source activate ffm_baseline一下进入ffm_baseline环境,使用conda list查看该环境的库:
[plain]
- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ source activate ffm_baseline
- (ffm_baseline) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ conda list
- # packages in environment at /home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3/envs/ffm_baseline:
- #
- # Name Version Build Channel
- ca-certificates 2018.03.07 0 defaults
- certifi 2018.4.16 py36_0 defaults
- libedit 3.1.20170329 h6b74fdf_2 defaults
- libffi 3.2.1 hd88cf55_4 defaults
- libgcc-ng 7.2.0 hdf63c60_3 defaults
- libstdcxx-ng 7.2.0 hdf63c60_3 defaults
- ncurses 6.1 hf484d3e_0 defaults
- openssl 1.0.2o h20670df_0 defaults
- <span style="background-color:rgb(255,0,0);">pip 10.0.1 py36_0 defaults</span>
- python 3.6.5 hc3d631a_2 defaults
- readline 7.0 ha6073c6_4 defaults
- setuptools 39.1.0 py36_0 defaults
- sqlite 3.23.1 he433501_0 defaults
- tk 8.6.7 hc745277_3 defaults
- wheel 0.31.0 py36_0 defaults
- xz 5.2.3 h5e939de_4 defaults
- zlib 1.2.11 ha838bed_2 defaults
这里的lib列表里面展示了conda默认环境下的一些基本库,与默认安装就有的base环境下的库相比,也小巧的多,方便我们配置,因为anacond的功能如jupyter等默认还需要其他库的支持。
四、第三方库xlearn在conda环境下的使用
在网上搜索之后,发现的原因是anaconda在托管了系统的python环境后,pip命令默认指向的是系统原始python环境里面的pip命令,因此使用pip install xlearn只能安装在系统环境的pip list中;而如果pip命令指向的是anconda托管环境中的pip命令时,可以pip install xlearn到conda的list中,作为对比,在另外一台电脑sinc-server上试验如下:
[plain]
- yuhuiliu@sinc-server:~$ pip install xlearn
- Collecting xlearn
- Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1a/20/d2762ecfd0da63bf2f0ee95429c7cf8ad44ab8ad4adc48b405fa67a09848/xlearn-0.31a1.tar.gz (1.8MB)
- 100% |████████████████████████████████| 1.9MB 620kB/s
- Building wheels for collected packages: xlearn
- Running setup.py bdist_wheel for xlearn ... done
- Stored in directory: /home/yuhuiliu/.cache/pip/wheels/9c/46/1a/e7682af4ef3320ad6e106c633aea0ee46ffb353aaf31723bab
- Successfully built xlearn
- Installing collected packages: xlearn
- Successfully installed xlearn-0.31a1
- You are using pip version 9.0.1, however version 10.0.1 is available.
- You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
- yuhuiliu@sinc-server:~$ conda list |grep xlearn
- xlearn 0.31a1 <pip>
[plain]
- yuhuiliu@sinc-server:~$ python
- Python 3.6.4 |Anaconda, Inc.| (default, Jan 16 2018, 18:10:19)
- [GCC 7.2.0] on linux
- Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
- >>> import xlearn
- >>>
这时,参考网上的说明,如果想在conda的环境中使用第三方库xlearn的话,附录网上的几种建议如下:
[plain]
- (ffm_baseline) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ sudo pip install xlearn
- [sudo] password for yuhuiliu:
- Requirement already satisfied: xlearn in /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages (0.31a1)
将原始安装于/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/的库文件,
#此处的文件大都是用pip安装的,也就是刚刚安装的xlearn也位于此处,但是还有一些依赖项#
将这个文件夹下的所有文件复制到 对应的~/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/site-packages/目录下,有重复的选择替换
经过查看:
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- yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ ls ~/anaconda3/lib/p
- pkgconfig/ python3.6/
anaconda3/lib的目录下面环境为python3.6的库,强行合并python3.5下的库到python3.6的库下面感觉有点不靠谱~
2 、参照https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000012539647和https://www.zhihu.com/question/41974592中“史密斯”同学的解答,再根据上面的https://www.jianshu.com/p/7e4c29a26f29,先sudo pip uninstall xlearn卸载掉xlearn,直接执行/home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3/bin下的pip命令:
[plain]
- (ffm_baseline) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ sudo pip uninstall xlearn
- [sudo] password for yuhuiliu:
- Uninstalling xlearn-0.31a1:
- Would remove:
- /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/xlearn-0.31a1.dist-info/*
- /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/xlearn/*
- Proceed (y/n)? Y
- Successfully uninstalled xlearn-0.31a1
- (ffm_baseline) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ sudo /home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3/bin/pip install xlearn
- Collecting xlearn
- Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1a/20/d2762ecfd0da63bf2f0ee95429c7cf8ad44ab8ad4adc48b405fa67a09848/xlearn-0.31a1.tar.gz
- Building wheels for collected packages: xlearn
- Running setup.py bdist_wheel for xlearn ... done
- Stored in directory: /home/yuhuiliu/.cache/pip/wheels/9c/46/1a/e7682af4ef3320ad6e106c633aea0ee46ffb353aaf31723bab
- Successfully built xlearn
- <span style="background-color:rgb(255,0,0);">distributed 1.21.8 requires msgpack, which is not installed.</span>
- Installing collected packages: xlearn
- Successfully installed xlearn-0.31a1
显示有依赖问题,这里先不管,来conda list |grep xlear看一下xlearn的信息:
[plain]
- (ffm_baseline) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ conda list |grep xlear
- (ffm_baseline) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$
额,好像没有,直接执行/home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3/bin下的pip命令安装到的是默认的base环境下,切换到base环境,conda list |grep xlear看一下xlearn的信息:
[plain]
- (ffm_baseline) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ conda env list
- # conda environments:
- #
- base /home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3
- ffm_baseline * /home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3/envs/ffm_baseline
- (ffm_baseline) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ source activate base
- (base) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ conda list |grep xlear
- xlearn 0.31a1 <pip>
- (base) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ python
- Python 3.6.5 |Anaconda custom (64-bit)| (default, Apr 29 2018, 16:14:56)
- [GCC 7.2.0] on linux
- Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
- >>> import xlearn as xl
- >>> xl.hello()
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- _
- | |
- __ _| | ___ __ _ _ __ _ __
- \ \/ / | / _ \/ _` | '__| '_ \
- > <| |___| __/ (_| | | | | | |
- /_/\_\_____/\___|\__,_|_| |_| |_|
- xLearn -- 0.31 Version --
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- >>>
到这里,xlearn可以在conda创建的base环境下使用了。
3、解决xlearn的依赖问题:
[plain]
- (base) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$ sudo /home/yuhuiliu/anaconda3/bin/pip install msgpack
- [sudo] password for yuhuiliu:
- Collecting msgpack
- Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/22/4e/dcf124fd97e5f5611123d6ad9f40ffd6eb979d1efdc1049e28a795672fcd/msgpack-0.5.6-cp36-cp36m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (315kB)
- 100% |████████████████████████████████| 317kB 11kB/s
- Installing collected packages: msgpack
- Successfully installed msgpack-0.5.6
- (base) yuhuiliu@sinclab-desktop:~$
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